Relationship between maternal anxiety and infants' temperament: The mediating role of mindful parenting.

Research has indicated that maternal anxiety does have an effect on infant temperament. Therefore, it is important to study the variables that could play a role in this relationship. In this study, we propose that mindful parenting could act as a mediator in this relationship. Thus, the main objective was to evaluate the relationship between maternal anxiety and child temperament (i.e., negative affectivity, surgency, and effortful control) through the mindful parenting of mothers. Mothers (N = 225) self-reported their anxiety, mindful parenting use, and the temperament of their old infants (aged 4-18 months). First, the reliability and validity results showed that the infant version of the Interpersonal Mindful Parenting questionnaire was a good tool for the assessment of mindful parenting among parents with infants. The five-factor structure of the questionnaire was confirmed; it involved self-regulation in the parenting relationship, listening with full attention, emotional awareness of the child, compassion for the child, and non-judgmental acceptance of parenting behavior. Correlational analyses showed that maternal anxiety was related to negative affectivity and effortful control in infants. Furthermore, mediational analyses indicated that the relation between maternal anxiety and infant negative affectivity was mediated by self-regulation in parenting and the emotional awareness of the child. In addition, the relation between maternal anxiety and infant effortful control was mediated by compassion for the child and listening with full attention. These results contribute to knowledge about the relation between maternal anxiety and child temperament, which may increase the risk of psychological symptoms. The results of this study suggest that promoting mindful parenting skills may be beneficial for affectivity and effortful control in infants.

Dispositional mindfulness profiles in pregnant women: relationships with dyadic adjustment and symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Introduction: Pregnancy is a time of major transition that can be stressful for women. Dispositional mindfulness may protect individuals when they face stress. Recent studies have adopted a person-centered approach to examine the role of mindfulness by identifying subtypes of individuals based on their scores in five mindfulness facets. Latent profile analysis was used to identify different mindfulness profiles in a sample of pregnant women, and we explored the relationships between these profiles, depression and anxiety symptoms, and whether dyadic adjustment mediated these relationships. Method: A total of 535 women aged 18-45 years in their 26th week of pregnancy completed questionnaires regarding mindfulness, dyadic satisfaction and cohesion, and depression and anxiety symptoms. Results: Three profiles were identified: (1) low mindfulness (53.8%), (2) moderate mindfulness (34.3%), and (3) non-judgmentally aware (11.9%). The most adaptive profile was the non-judgmentally aware profile. Compared to the low mindfulness profile, the non-judgmentally aware profile and the moderate mindfulness profile were related to fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety, and these relationships were partly mediated by dyadic satisfaction. Discussion: These results suggest that analyzing each pregnant woman's mindfulness profile can improve the prevention of and interventions for anxiety and depression.

Social support, temperament and previous prenatal loss interact to predict depression and anxiety during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is considered a complex period in a woman's life due to the changes that occur at different levels, which increase her vulnerability to developing psychological symptoms. A woman's temperament and perceived social support may play important roles in the development of such symptomatology. The main objective of the present work was to evaluate whether social support is an effective coping resource against the development of symptoms of depression and anxiety, especially among women with certain personality types, while also considering previous prenatal losses. METHODS: The participants were 534 pregnant women in their 26th week of gestation. They completed measures related to social support, temperament (i.e. neuroticism and extraversion) and symptoms of depression and anxiety and informed us of any previous prenatal losses. RESULTS: The association between social support and depression was negative only for women who scored high on neuroticism. Extraversion did not interact with social support to predict depression or anxiety. Additionally, temperament interacted with previous prenatal losses, playing a relevant role in the development of anxiety symptoms. Previous losses had a greater effect on women who scored low in extraversion or high in neuroticism. Finally, a triple interaction between temperament, social support and previous prenatal loss emerged, indicating that previous prenatal loss was related to anxiety in women with low social support and low extraversion. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women, especially those who have suffered a previous prenatal loss and score high in neuroticism or low in extraversion, may benefit from interventions that enhance social support.

Longitudinal Associations Between Nonsuicidal Self-Injury, Depressive Symptoms, Hopelessness, and Emotional Dysregulation in Adolescents.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents has been associated with increased depressive symptomatology, hopelessness, and emotional dysregulation; however, few studies have examined longitudinal associations between NSSI and these problems. This study examines the longitudinal relationships among these variables in community adolescents and whether the pattern of relationships varies between boys and girls. The participants were 785 adolescents (57.1% girls) aged 13 to 18 years (M = 15.64; SD = 1.08) who completed self-reported measures of NSSI, depression, hopelessness, and emotional dysregulation at least once at two moments separated by 1 year. The longitudinal model was tested through structural equation modeling and multiple group analysis. NSSI predicted increased depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and emotional dysregulation; depressive symptoms predicted NSSI; hopelessness predicted depressive symptoms; and emotional dysregulation predicted depressive symptoms and hopelessness. The pattern was similar for girls and boys, although girls scored higher on all variables. The results underscore the important bidirectional associations between NSSI and other risk factors throughout adolescence. These findings will support prevention and interventions for NSSI and internalizing symptoms in adolescents in school and clinical settings.

HighlightsSometime in the last year, 38.4% of the participating adolescents reported nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). The girls scored significantly higher than the boys in NSSI annual presence, depression, hopelessness, and emotional dysregulation.NSSI in the past year increased depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and emotional dysregulation 1 year later; depressive symptoms predicted NSSI; hopelessness predicted depressive symptoms, and emotional dysregulation predicted an increase in depressive symptoms and hopelessness.The predictive model did not differ according to gender.

Maladaptive Schemas as An Explanation for Gender Differences in Eating Disorder Symptoms in Adolescents / Esquemas Desadaptativos Tempranos como Explicación de las Diferencias de Género en Síntomas de Trastornos de Alimentación en Adolescentes

The present study examined gender differences in early maladaptive schemas as an explanation for gender differences in the prevalence of eating disorder symptomatology. A total of 789 adolescents (406 boys and 383 girls) between 11 and 17 years of age (M = 14.51, SD = 1.59) completed both the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-8) to assess eating disorder symptomatology and the Brief Version of the Young Schema Questionnaire for Adolescents and Young Adults (YSQ-3-B) to assess early maladaptive schemas. The results showed that girls had higher early maladaptive schema scores compared to boys, particularly for the disconnection and rejection domain, the impaired autonomy and performance domain, and the other-directedness domain, partially explaining their higher eating disorder symptom scores. The findings of the study are discussed considering the social and patriarchal mandates that exist regarding gender. (AU)

Este estudio examinó las diferencias de género en los esquemas desadaptativos tempranos como explicación de las diferencias de género en la prevalencia de sintomatología de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Participaron 789 adolescentes (406 chicos y 383 chicas), cuya edad oscilaba entre los 13 y los 17 años (M = 14.51, DT = 1.59) y quienes contestaron el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT-8) para evaluar la sintomatología de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y la Versión breve del Cuestionario de Esquemas para Adolescentes y Jóvenes Adultos (YSQ3-B) para analizar los esquemas desadaptativos tempranos. Los resultados mostraron que las mayores puntuaciones de las chicas en esquemas desadaptativos tempranos, especialmente los dominios de desconexión y rechazo, autonomía dañada y foco en los demás, explicaban parcialmente sus mayores puntuaciones en síntomas de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Los resultados se discuten teniendo en cuenta los mandatos sociales y patriarcales que existen alrededor del género. (AU)

The Protective Role of Dispositional Mindfulness on Cyber Dating Abuse: A 6-Month Longitudinal Study.

Dispositional mindfulness has been related to a decreased propensity to aggressive behaviors toward others, including dating partners. Nevertheless, research in the context of romantic relationships is scarce, based on cross-sectional designs and offline (face to face) aggression. Thus, this 6-month longitudinal study seeks to fill a gap in the literature by examining the predictive role of dispositional mindfulness facets (observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging, and non-reacting) in the perpetration of cyber dating abuse (CDA) behaviors in adolescents. The moderator role of the dispositional mindfulness facets in the perpetuation over time of cyber aggression toward the partner was also explored. Participants were 501 high school students (54.1% girls; mean age: 14.17 years, SD = 1.39) from different regions of Spain who completed self-report measures about CDA and dispositional mindfulness at two time points with a 6-month interval between them. Path analysis showed that the acting with awareness mindfulness facet predicted a decrease in the perpetration of CDA 6 months later. Moreover, non-reacting showed a moderator role in the perpetuation over time of CDA. In particular, adolescents with higher scores on non-reacting, evidenced a lower perpetuation of CDA. Mindfulness-based interventions can be a valuable tool in preventing cyber aggression that occurs in adolescent dating relationships.

Do testosterone and cortisol levels moderate aggressive responses to peer victimization in adolescents?

Aggressive reactions to peer victimization may be tempered by hormone levels. Grounded on the dualhormone hypothesis (DHH), which proposes that testosterone (T) is associated with aggressive behavior only when cortisol (C) is low, this study assessed whether the combination of T and C moderated adolescents' aggressive responses to peer victimization. The study involved 577 adolescents (50.4% girls, aged 12-17 years), who completed measures of online and offline victimization and perpetration of aggressive behavior in three waves over the course of one year. Moreover, they provided salivary samples to measure T and C levels. Multilevel analyses showed a three-way interaction between T, C, and victimization levels for both online and offline aggressive behaviors. In both cases, the adolescents with high T and high C or low T and low C responded with more aggressive behaviors when victimized or provoked by peers. The T/C ratio was only associated with aggressive behavior in the girls' sample. The results are opposite to those predicted by the DHH, but they are consistent with the findings of other studies that examined aggressive behaviors as reactions to provocations. These results suggest that some combinations of T and C predict higher aggressive reactions to peer victimization.

The Mediating Role of Mindful Parenting in the Relationship Between Parental Anxiety and Youth's Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties.

One of the central questions in the theory of the intergenerational transmission of psychological symptoms is to identify whether parenting practices explain the transmission of psychological symptoms from parents to youth. This study examined the mediating mechanism of mindful parenting in the relationship between parental anxiety and youth's emotional and behavioral difficulties. In three waves separated by six months, longitudinal data were collected from 692 Spanish youth (54% girls) aged between 9 and 15 years (Mage = 12.84 years, SD = 1.22 years at Wave 1) and their parents. Path analysis showed that maternal mindful parenting mediated the relationship between maternal anxiety and the youth's emotional and behavioral difficulties. No mediating effect was found concerning fathers; however, marginal bidirectional relationships were obtained between paternal mindful parenting and youth's emotional and behavioral difficulties. This study addresses one of the main concerns about the theory of intergenerational transmission using a multi-informant and longitudinal study design, concluding that maternal anxiety predicts less mindful parenting practices and these in turn predict youth's emotional and behavioral difficulties.

The Association between exposure to COVID-19, internalizing symptoms, and Dispositional Mindfulness in Adolescents: a longitudinal pre- and during-pandemic study.

This study examined the association between contact with COVID-19 and internalizing symptoms in Spanish adolescents, and the moderation and mediation roles of dispositional mindfulness. Adolescents (N = 383; 58% female; Mage = 15.62, SD = 1.32) completed measures of dispositional mindfulness (MAAS-A) and internalizing symptoms (DASS-21), other stressors different from COVID-19, and contact with COVID-19 twice, in October 2019 and 2020. Three profiles emerged according to their contact with COVID-19: (1) little/no contact, (2) knowing someone close (outside home) who was infected, hospitalized, or died, and (3) being or someone at home being infected and/or hospitalized. Compared to little/no contact, both contact profiles predicted dispositional mindfulness and anxiety; and profile 2 predicted stress. Dispositional mindfulness mediated the association between both contact profiles and depression and stress. This study suggests that contact with COVID-19 predicts increased internalizing symptoms in adolescents, which could be partially explained by the decrease in mindfulness levels.

A Growth Mindset and Self-Affirmation Intervention to Reduce Violent and Risky Online Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Previous Victimization.

The Internet is the setting for several forms of violent and risky behavior among adolescents, such as cyberbullying, sexualized interactions with adults, sexting, and online dating violence. Often, these behaviors are responses to experiences of online victimization. This study examined the differential effects of a wise intervention (WI), combining growth mindset and self-affirmation strategies, on these behaviors for adolescents who had experienced victimization and those who had not. A sample of 1,085 adolescents (54.3% girls; ages 11-18 years) were randomized into two intervention conditions (WI and an anti-stress control intervention). They completed measures of violent and risky behaviors at pretest and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups and measures of victimization at pretest. The results of multilevel analyses indicated that the WI was beneficial for adolescents without experiences of victimization at pretest, as they displayed smaller increases in online peer aggressions, sexualized interactions with adults, and sexting than the adolescents in the control condition. However, the WI was not beneficial for adolescents with experiences of victimization at pretest. Moreover, the adolescents under the anti-stress control condition displayed better outcome. These findings suggest that previous victimization experiences of adolescents should be considered to select an appropriate intervention.

Relación entre el rasgo de atención plena (mindfulness) y el papel de los testigos de ciberacoso entre los adolescentes / Relationship between mindfulness trait and the role of cyberbullying witnesses among adolescents

El uso generalizado de Internet entre los adolescentes ha propiciado el ciberacoso. Los testigos desempeñan un papel fundamental en el mantenimiento y el fortalecimiento del acoso. El rasgo de atención plena (AP) se ha asociado con comportamientos prosociales, así cabe pensar que existe relación entre este rasgo y el papel adoptado por los testigos de ciberacoso. 2015 estudiantes de 11-19 años completaron medidas de ciberacoso, rasgo de AP y papel de espectador. Ante una situación de acoso online, el 74,3% se declaró a favor de la víctima y el 7,8% a favor del perpetrador. Para analizar las diferencias en el rasgo AP según el papel del espectador, se realizó un MANCOVA que resultó ser significativa para las siguientes facetas de atención plena: observar, describir, actuar con conciencia y no juzgar. El análisis no resultó significativo para la faceta de no reactividad. Las víctimas y los agresores obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en la observación que aquellos que no apoyaron ni a la víctima ni al agresor. Se discuten las implicaciones y limitaciones. (AU)

The widespread use of the Internet among adolescents has led to cyberbullying. Bystanders play a vital role in sustaining and strengthening bullying. As trait mindfulness has been associated with prosocial behaviors, there is good reason to believe that there is a relationship between the mindfulness trait and the role adopted by cyberbullying bystanders. A cross-sectional study was employed with a sample of 2015 students aged 11-19 years. The participants completed the measures for cyberbullying, trait mindfulness, and their role as bystanders. The results revealed that 74.3% and 7.8% of them were identified as provictim and pro-perpetrator, respectively. MANCOVA was employed to analyze the differences in the characteristics of trait mindfulness according to the role of bystander with corrected age, and its use was significant for the following factors: Observing, describing, acting with awareness, and nonjudging. No significant differences were observed in the nonreactivity factor. Provictims and pro-perpetrators scored higher on observing than those who supported neither the victim nor the perpetrator. Implications and limitations are discussed. (AU)

The Revised Child-to-Parent Aggressions Questionnaire: an Examination During the Covid-19 Pandemic.

Purpose: Child-to-parent violence (CPV) is an important type of family violence that has been relatively understudied. This study examined the main psychometric properties of the revised Child-to-Parent Aggression Questionnaire (CPAQ-R), which examines both violent behaviors against parents and reasons for these behaviors. The aims included identifying the dimensions of CPV and examining the magnitude of CPV during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A sample of 1,244 adolescents (aged from 12 to 17) from several schools in the Basque Country completed the CPAQ-R. Several confirmatory factor analyses were conducted, including exploratory, confirmatory, exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), and bifactor analyses. Results: The data supported a bifactor ESEM model in which a general factor of violence against parents explained aggressions against both mothers and fathers. In addition, three reasons for the violence emerged: instrumental, reactive, and defensive reasons. Rates of CPV during the COVID-19 pandemic were high, with 16.5% of adolescents reporting reiterative aggressions against their parents. There were no differences between aggressions against mothers and fathers. Conclusions: The CPAQ-R is an adequate questionnaire for assessing CPV in adolescents. The confinement and restrictions placed on families during the COVID-19 pandemic may explain the high prevalence of CPV and shed light on possible differences related to the sex of the parents.

Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Thoughts and Behavior in Adolescents: Validation of SITBI-NSSI.

BACKGROUND: The lack of knowledge about Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) in Spanish adolescents, especially NSSI thoughts may be due to the paucity of NSSI assessment instruments with validity evidence in this sample. The aim of this study was to assess NSSI thoughts and behavior. In addition, the study examined the association between various NSSI features and suicidal behavior and included a preliminary validation of the new Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview - Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (SITBI-NSSI). METHOD: 685 Spanish adolescents between 13 and 18 years old (M = 15.58, SD = 1.08; 60.9% girls) completed measures of NSSI features and suicidal behavior. RESULTS: Among adolescents, 19% thought about self-injury, and 16.8% presented NSSI behaviors. The girls had higher levels of NSSI, as well as greater frequency, number of functions, methods, and suicidal thoughts and desire. Some of the functions, methods, and precipitants differed by sex. Those with ANS had a higher risk of suicidal behavior than the comparison group. The association of SITBI-NSSI with other measures supports the validity of the data. CONCLUSIONS: Most features of NSSI are similar to those found in Spanish and internationally. The SITBI-NSSI could facilitate the evaluation of NSSI in Spanish adolescents.

A Preventive Intervention to Reduce Risk of Online Grooming Among Adolescents

Sexual abuse of adolescents by adults on the Internet is a severe risk with negative consequences for the victims. However, there is an important gap in the development of preventive interventions to address this problem. This study evaluated the efficacy of a brief (less than one hour) educational intervention on online grooming (less than one hour) in reducing adolescents’ sexual interaction behaviors with adults when they are sexually solicited. A sample of 856 Spanish adolescents (48% girls, ages 11-17 years) was randomized into two intervention conditions (educational intervention about online grooming and a resilience control intervention). Adolescents completed measures of online sexual solicitation by adults and sexualized interactions with adults at pretest and at three- and six-month follow-ups. Measures of their knowledge about online grooming were taken at pretest, postintervention, and at three- and six-month follow-ups. The results of multilevel analyses indicated that the intervention reduced sexualized interactions when adolescents were sexually solicited by adults (β = -.16, SD = .07, t = -2.44, p = .015). Moreover, the intervention increased adolescents’ knowledge about online grooming over time (β = 1.95, SD = .19, t = 10.52, p < .001). These findings suggest that a brief educational intervention about online grooming may be a promising, low-cost intervention to reduce the risks of sexual abuse on the Internet. (AU)

El abuso sexual de adolescentes por parte de adultos en Internet (grooming online) es un riesgo grave con consecuencias negativas para las víctimas. Sin embargo, existe un importante vacío en el desarrollo de intervenciones preventivas para abordar este problema. Este estudio evalúa la eficacia de una intervención educativa breve (menos de una hora) sobre el grooming online para disminuir las conductas de interacción sexual de los adolescentes con adultos cuando son solicitados sexualmente. Una muestra de 856 adolescentes españoles (48% chicas; edades entre 11 y 17 años) fue aleatorizada en dos condiciones de intervención (intervención educativa sobre el grooming online y una intervención control de resiliencia). A los adolescentes se les aplicaron medidas de solicitud sexual online por parte de adultos e interacciones sexualizadas con adultos en la línea base y en los seguimientos a tres y seis meses. Además, se tomaron medidas sobre conocimiento del grooming online en la línea base, después de la intervención y en los seguimientos a tres y seis meses. Los resultados de los análisis multinivel indicaron que la intervención redujo las interacciones sexualizadas cuando los adolescentes eran solicitados sexualmente por adultos (β = -.16, SD = .07, t = -2.44, p = .015). Por otra parte, la intervención aumentó los conocimientos de los adolescentes sobre grooming online a lo largo del tiempo (β = 1.95, SD = .19, t = 10.52, p < .001). Estos resultados sugieren que una breve intervención educativa sobre grooming online puede ser prometedora y de bajo coste para reducir los riesgos de abuso sexual en Internet. (AU)

Resilience moderates the associations between bipolar disorder mood episodes and mental health / La resiliencia modera la asociación entre los episodios anímicos del trastorno bipolar y la salud mental

Resilience could moderate the impact of bipolar disorder (BD) on patients’ quality of life (QoL) and psychosocial functioning. This study aimed to (1) explore the relationships between bipolar disorder mood episodes (depression, [hypo]mania, and euthymia) and mental health outcomes of QoL, personal recovery, impaired work, and psychosocial functioning in individuals with BD; and (2) determine whether resilience domains were moderators of these associations. A clinical adult sample of 97 individuals diagnosed with BD (63.90% female, mean age = 45.02 years) completed a battery of BD-specific measures of resilience and mental health-related variables. Multiple regression showed that self-management of BD resilience domain moderated the negative relationship between (hypo)manic episode and personal recovery. Furthermore, self-confidence moderated the positive relationships between (hypo)manic and depressive episodes and impaired functioning. We suggest that BD patients experiencing (hypo)manic or depressive episodes may improve their mental health and wellbeing through interventions that promote disorder-specific resilience factors. (AU)

La resiliencia podría moderar el impacto del trastorno bipolar (TB) en la calidad de vida (CV) y funcionamiento psicosocial de los pacientes. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: (1) explorar la asociación entre los episodios anímicos bipolares (depresión, [hipo]manía y eutimia) y los resultados de la CV en cuanto a salud mental, la recuperación personal y el deterioro del funcionamiento laboral y psicosocial de personas con TB y (2) determinar si los dominios de resiliencia moderaban esta asociación. Una muestra clínica de 97 personas adultas diagnosticadas de TB (63.90% mujeres, edad media = 45.02) cumplimentaron una batería de medidas específicas de TB sobre resiliencia y variables relacionadas con la salud mental. La regresión múltiple mostró que el dominio de la resiliencia de autogestión del TB moderó la relación negativa entre el episodio (hipo)maníaco y la recuperación personal. Además, la confianza en uno mismo moderó la asociación positiva entre los episodios (hipo)maníacos y depresivos y el deterioro del funcionamiento. Se sugiere que la salud mental y bienestar de los pacientes con TB en episodios (hipo)maníacos o depresivos podrían mejorar mediante intervenciones que desarrollen aspectos de resiliencia específicos de este trastorno mental. (AU)

Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Thoughts and Behavior in Adolescents: Validation of SITBI-NSSI / Pensamientos y Conductas de Autolesión no Suicida en Adolescentes: Validación de la SITBI-NSSI

Background: The lack of knowledge about Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) in Spanish adolescents, especially NSSI thoughts may be due to the paucity of NSSI assessment instruments with validity evidence in this sample. The aim of this study was to assess NSSI thoughts and behavior. In addition, the study examined the association between various NSSI features and suicidal behavior and included a preliminary validation of the new Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview - Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (SITBI-NSSI). Method: 685 Spanish adolescents between 13 and 18 years old (M = 15.58, SD = 1.08; 60.9% girls) completed measures of NSSI features and suicidal behavior. Results: Among adolescents, 19% thought about self-injury, and 16.8% presented NSSI behaviors. The girls had higher levels of NSSI, as well as greater frequency, number of functions, methods, and suicidal thoughts and desire. Some of the functions, methods, and precipitants differed by sex. Those with ANS had a higher risk of suicidal behavior than the comparison group. The association of SITBI-NSSI with other measures supports the validity of the data. Conclusions: Most features of NSSI are similar to those found in Spanish and internationally. The SITBI-NSSI could facilitate the evaluation of NSSI in Spanish adolescents.(AU)

Antecedentes: La falta de conocimiento sobre la autolesión no suicida (ANS) en adolescentes comunitarios españoles, especialmente los pensamientos ANS, puede deberse a la escasez de instrumentos de evaluación ANS con evidencias de validez. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los pensamientos y el comportamiento de ANS. Además, se examinó la asociación entre varias características de ANS y conducta suicida, y se llevó a cabo la validación preliminar de la nueva Entrevista de pensamientos y comportamientos autolesivos - Autolesión no suicida (SITBI-ANS). Método: 685 adolescentes españoles entre 13 y 18 años (M = 15.58, DT = 1.08; 60.9% chicas) completaron medidas de características ANS y conducta suicida. Resultados: El 16.8% presentó conductas ANS y el 19% lo pensó. Las chicas tuvieron mayor presencia de ANS, frecuencia, número de funciones, métodos, pensamientos y deseo suicida. Algunas de las funciones, métodos y precipitantes diferieron según el sexo. Aquellos con ANS tuvieron más riesgo de conducta suicida respecto al grupo de comparación. La asociación de SITBI-ANS con otras medidas apoya la validez de los datos obtenidos. Conclusiones: La mayoría de las características de ANS son similares a las encontradas en español e internacionalmente. SITBI-ANS facilitaría la evaluación de ANS en adolescentes españoles.(AU)

Comparing emotional working memory in adolescents and young adults with and without depressive symptoms: developmental and psychopathological differences.

Depressive symptoms are associated with working memory impairments. Yet, comparative studies examining working memory across the developmental spectrum in depressed and non depressed cohorts are lacking. This study examined emotional working memory in 74 adolescents (mean age = 14; 21 with depressive symptoms) and 92 adults (mean age = 22; 36 with depressive symptoms). Participants completed two versions of an emotional face n-back task, and either paid attention to the valence of the emotion or the gender. Both tasks were completed at low load (0-back) and high load (2-back). In the high load condition, healthy adolescents showed a bias towards positive faces, both speeding up reaction times (RTs) when emotion was task relevant but slowing RTs when they were task irrelevant. This interaction was neither significant in adolescents with depressive symptoms nor in young adults. Depressive symptoms did not influence RTs in low load. The results indicate that adolescents with depressive symptoms might lack the bias towards positive affective material at high load WM task present in healthy adolescents.

Spanish Validation of The Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures Questionnaire for Pre-adolescents / Validación en español del Cuestionario de Experiencias en Relaciones Cercanas-Estructuras de Relación para Preadolescentes

This study aimed to validate the Spanish version of the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures questionnaire (ECR–RS; Fraleyet al., 2011). This instrument measures the two-dimensional structure of attachment (anxiety and avoidance) in different relational domains (mother,father, and friends). The sample was composed of 795 pre-adolescents (49.1% girls), aged 9–14 (M=12.86; SD=1.28), who were randomly selected from seven Biscayan schools. The participants completed the measures of attachment, prosocial behavior, emotional and behavioral problems,and difficulties in emotional regulation. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the Spanish adaptation of the ECR–RS supported the original two-factor structure and was invariant across genders. Both attachment dimensions were positively associated with emotional and behavioralproblems, and difficulties in emotional regulation, and were negatively correlated with prosocial behavior. Gender differences were found in friends,mother, and global measures, in which boys scored higher than girls in anxiety and girls higher than boys in avoidance. This study demonstratedthat the Spanish adaptation of the ECR–RS for pre-adolescents is a reliable and valid instrument to measure anxiety and avoidance attachment indifferent relational domains. (AU)

El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue validar la versión española del cuestionario The Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures questionnaire (ECR–RS; Fraley et al., 2011). A través de este instrumento se mide la estructura dimensional del apego (ansiedad y evitación) hacia distintosdominios relacionales (madre, padre y amistades). La muestra la formaron 795 preadolescentes (49,1% chicas) de entre 9 y 14 años (M=12,86;DT=1,28), quienes fueron seleccionados al azar de siete colegios vizcaínos. Los participantes completaron medidas sobre el apego, comportamiento prosocial, problemas emocionales y comportamentales, y dificultades en regulación emocional. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que laadaptación española del ECR–RS sigue la estructura original de dos factores y se mantiene invariante con respecto al género. Las dos dimensionesdel apego se asociaron de manera positiva con problemas emocionales y comportamentales, y dificultades en regulación emocional, y de formanegativa con comportamiento prosocial. Se encontraron diferencias de género en los dominios de amistades, madre y medida global, donde loschicos obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas que las chicas en ansiedad y las chicas más altas que los chicos en evitación. La adaptación españoladel ECR–RS para preadolescentes es un instrumento fiable y válido para medir el apego ansioso y evitativo hacia diferentes dominios relacionales. (AU)

The role of women's traditional gender beliefs in depression, intimate partner violence and stress: insights from a Spanish abbreviated multicultural measure.

BACKGROUND: Research on traditional gender beliefs has highlighted their psychological impact and social implications for women. The purpose of this study was twofold. First, we aimed to adapt and validate the Spanish version of the Multicultural O'Kelly Women's Beliefs Scale. Next, we explored its sources of validity evidence in relation to intimate partner violence, stress, and depression. Based on the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy framework, traditional gender beliefs were expected to be associated with higher levels of intimate partner violence, stress and depression. We also expected to obtain a psychometrically-sound factor structure of the Multicultural O'Kelly Women's Beliefs Scale. METHODS: A sample of Spanish women (N = 322) completed the Multicultural O'Kelly Women's Beliefs Scale, the Beck's Depression Inventory II, the Modified Conflict Tactics Scale, and the Stress Perceived Scale. To test the psychometric properties of the Multicultural O'Kelly Women's Beliefs Scale we implemented exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and an analysis of the area under the curve. RESULTS: Regarding the psychometric properties of the scale, statistical analysis revealed a one-factor dimensionality (Global traditionalism) and supported a reduction of items in the original instrument. The abbreviated version (eight items) obtained the best fit indices. Considering the association between traditional gender beliefs and psychological outcomes, we found that traditional gender beliefs were associated with increased severity of stress, depressive symptoms and reciprocal verbal aggression. CONCLUSION: The Spanish adaptation of the Multicultural O'Kelly Women's Beliefs Scale provided a very short, psychometrically robust and clinically relevant measure of traditional gender beliefs. In addition to the association between traditional gender beliefs and mental health outcomes, an important finding was the relationship between traditional gender beliefs and intimate partner violence. Our scale might be used in clinical settings by helping women to identify their traditional gender beliefs and replace them by healthy and goal-oriented beliefs, which would also contribute in achieving a more egalitarian society.

The Association Between Dispositional Mindfulness and Need Threat Following Ostracism in Spanish Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Age.

BACKGROUND: Ostracism -being ignored and excluded- entails risks for adolescent mental health. Less is known about the factors that are negatively associated with the adverse consequences of ostracism. This study explored the association between dispositional mindfulness and need threat following social exclusion using the Cyberball paradigm. Sex and age were included as moderators of the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and need threat. Additionally, the factor structure of the Need Threat Scale (NTS) was analyzed in Spanish adolescents. METHOD: Participants (N = 750, 52.4% female; mean age = 14.51) completed a mindfulness questionnaire, were ostracized in the Cyberball game, and reported their need threat during this game. RESULTS: Dispositional mindfulness was negatively associated with need threat only in older adolescents (>15 years old). Although girls reported higher levels of need threat than boys, sex did not moderate the association between mindfulness and need threat. CONCLUSIONS: This research suggests that dispositional mindfulness is only associated with NTS in older adolescents and girls are more vulnerable to the negative consequence of ostracism.